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By default, message header parameters in Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) messages can not carry characters outside the ISO-8859-1 character set. RFC 2231 defines an escaping mechanism for use in Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) headers. This document specifies a profile of that encoding suitable for use in HTTP. There are multiple HTTP headers that already use RFC 2231 encoding in practice (Content-Disposition) or might use it in the future (Link). The purpose of this document is to provide a single place where the generic aspects of RFC 2231 encoding in HTTP headers are defined. Distribution of this document is unlimited. Although this is not a work item of the HTTPbis Working Group, comments should be sent to the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) mailing list at ietf-http-wg@w3.org, which may be joined by sending a message with subject "subscribe" to ietf-http-wg-request@w3.org. Discussions of the HTTPbis Working Group are archived at . XML versions, latest edits and the issues list for this document are available from . A collection of test cases is available at . Umbrella issue for editorial fixes/enhancements.

By default, message header parameters in HTTP () messages can not carry characters outside the ISO-8859-1 character set (). RFC 2231 () defines an escaping mechanism for use in MIME headers. This document specifies a profile of that encoding for use in HTTP.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in . This specification uses the ABNF (Augmented Backus-Naur Form) notation defined in . The following core rules are included by reference, as defined in : ALPHA (letters), DIGIT (decimal 0-9), HEXDIG (hexadecimal 0-9/A-F/a-f) and LWSP (linear white space). Note that this specification uses the term "character set" for consistency with other IETF specifications such as RFC 2277 (see ). A more accurate term would be "character encoding" (a mapping of code points to octet sequences).

RFC 2231 defines several extensions to MIME. The sections below discuss if and how they apply to HTTP. In short: Parameter Continuations aren't needed (), Character Set and Language Information are useful, therefore a simple subset is specified (), and Language Specifications in Encoded Words aren't needed ().

defines a mechanism that deals with the length limitations that apply to MIME headers. These limitations do not apply to HTTP (). Thus in HTTP, senders &MUST-NOT; use parameter continuations, and therefore recipients do not need to support them.

specifies how to embed language information into parameter values, and also how to encode non-ASCII characters, dealing with restrictions both in MIME and HTTP header parameters. However, RFC 2231 does not specify a mandatory-to-implement character set, making it hard for senders to decide which character set to use. Thus, recipients implementing this specification &MUST; support the character sets "ISO-8859-1" and "UTF-8" . Furthermore, RFC 2231 allows leaving out the character set information. The profile defined by this specification does not allow that. The syntax for parameters is defined in (with RFC 2616 implied LWS translated to RFC 5234 LWSP):

parameter = attribute LWSP "=" LWSP value

attribute = token value = token / quoted-string quoted-string = <quoted-string, defined in > token = <token, defined in >

This specification extends the grammar to:

parameter = reg-parameter / ext-parameter reg-parameter = attribute LWSP "=" LWSP value ext-parameter = attribute "*" LWSP "=" LWSP ext-value ext-value = charset "'" [ language ] "'" value-chars ; extended-initial-value, ; defined in charset = "UTF-8" / "ISO-8859-1" / ext-charset ext-charset = token ; see IANA charset registry ; ()mime-charset mime-charset = 1*mime-charsetc mime-charsetc = ALPHA / DIGIT / "!" / "#" / "$" / "%" / "&" / "+" / "-" / "^" / "_" / "`" / "{" / "}" / "~" ; as <mime-charset> in ; except that the single quote is not included language = <Language-Tag, defined in > value-chars = *( pct-encoded / attr-char ) pct-encoded = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG ; see attr-char = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~" / ":" / "!" / "$" / "&" / "+"

token can contain single quotes. ABNF is ambiguous for charset in ext-value. (points out that Section 2.3 of RFC 2978 doesn't allow the single quote) - http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-http-wg/2009OctDec/0014.html. Thus, a parameter is either regular parameter (reg-parameter), as previously defined in , or an extended parameter (ext-parameter). Extended parameters are those where the left hand side of the assignment ends with an asterisk character. The value part of an extended parameter (ext-value) is a token that consists of three parts: the &REQUIRED; character set name (charset), the &OPTIONAL; language information (language), and a character sequence representing the actual value (value-chars), separated by single quote characters. Note that both character set names and language tags are restricted to the US-ASCII character set, and are matched case-insensitively (see and ). Inside the value part, characters not contained in attr-char are encoded into an octet sequence using the specified character set. That octet sequence then is percent-encoded as specified in . Producers &MUST-NOT; use character sets other than "UTF-8" () or ISO-8859-1 (). Extension character sets (ext-charset) are reserved for future use. Mention recipient handling for broken encoded sequences. Done. Note: recipients should be prepared to handle encoding errors, such as malformed or incomplete percent escape sequences, or non-decodable octet sequences, in a robust manner. This specification does not mandate any specific behavior, for instance the following strategies are all acceptable: ignoring the parameter, stripping a non-decodable octet sequence, substituting a non-decodable octet sequence by a replacement character, such as the Unicode character U+FFFD (Replacement Character). Note: the <mime-charset> ABNF defined here differs from the one in in that it does not allow the single quote character. In practice, no character set names using that character have been registered at the time of this writing.

Non-extended notation, using "token": foo: bar; title=Economy

Non-extended notation, using "quoted-string": foo: bar; title="US-$ rates"

Extended notation, using the unicode character U+00A3 (POUND SIGN): foo: bar; title*=iso-8859-1'en'%A3%20rates Note: the Unicode pound sign character U+00A3 was encoded using ISO-8859-1 into the single octet A3, then percent-encoded. Also note that the space character was encoded as %20, as it is not contained in attr-char.

Extended notation, using the unicode characters U+00A3 (POUND SIGN) and U+20AC (EURO SIGN): foo: bar; title*=UTF-8''%c2%a3%20and%20%e2%82%ac%20rates Note: the unicode pound sign character U+00A3 was encoded using UTF-8 into the octet sequence C2 A3, then percent-encoded. Likewise, the unicode euro sign character U+20AC was encoded into the octet sequence E2 82 AC, then percent-encoded. Also note that HEXDIG allows both lower-case and upper-case character, so recipients must understand both, and that the language information is optional, while the character set is not.

extends the encoding defined in to also support language specification in encoded words. Although the HTTP/1.1 specification does refer to RFC 2047 (), it's not clear to which header field exactly it applies, and whether it is implemented in practice (see for details). Thus, the RFC 2231 profile defined by this specification does not include this feature.

Specifications of HTTP headers that use the extensions defined in should clearly state that. A simple way to achieve this is to normatively reference this specification, and to include the ext-value production into the ABNF for that header.

For instance: foo-header = "foo" LWSP ":" LWSP token ";" LWSP title-param title-param = "title" LWSP "=" LWSP value / "title*" LWSP "=" LWSP ext-value ext-value = <see RFCxxxx, >

Note to RFC Editor: in the figure above, please replace "xxxx" by the RFC number assigned to this specification.

requires that protocol elements containing text can carry language information. Thus, the ext-value production should always be used when the parameter value is of textual nature. Furthermore, the extension should also be used whenever the parameter value needs to carry characters not present in the US-ASCII () character set (note that it would be unacceptable to define a new parameter that would be restricted to a subset of the Unicode character set).

Header specifications that include parameters should also specify whether same-named parameters can occur multiple times. If repetitions are not allowed (and this is believed to be the common case), the specification should state whether regular or the extended syntax takes precedence. In the latter case, this could be used by producers to use both formats without breaking recipients that do not understand the syntax.

Example: foo: bar; title="EURO exchange rates"; title*=utf-8''%e2%82%ac%20exchange%20rates In this case, the sender provides an ASCII version of the title for legacy recipients, but also includes an internationalized version for recipients understanding this specification -- the latter obviously should prefer the new syntax over the old one.

Note: at the time of this writing, many implementations failed to ignore the form they do not understand, or prioritize the ASCII form although the extended syntax was present.

It is expected that in many cases, internationalization of parameters in response headers is implemented using server driven content negotiation () using the Accept-Language header (). However, the format described in this specification also allows to use multiple instances providing multiple languages in a single header. Specifications that want to take advantage of this should clearly specify the expected processing by the recipient.

Example: foo: bar; title*=utf-8'en'Document%20Title; title*=utf-8'de'Titel%20des%20Dokuments

This document does not discuss security issues and is not believed to raise any security issues not already endemic in HTTP.

There are no IANA Considerations related to this specification.

Thanks to Martin Duerst and Frank Ellermann for help figuring out ABNF details, and to Roar Lauritzsen for implementer's feedback.

Harvard University

sob@harvard.edu

General keyword University of California, Irvine

fielding@ics.uci.edu

W3C

jg@w3.org

Compaq Computer Corporation

mogul@wrl.dec.com

MIT Laboratory for Computer Science

frystyk@w3.org

Xerox Corporation

masinter@parc.xerox.com

Microsoft Corporation

paulle@microsoft.com

W3C

timbl@w3.org

Alis Technologies

fyergeau@alis.com

Lab126

addison@inter-locale.com

Google

mark.davis@google.com

Brandenburg InternetWorking

+1.408.246.8253 dcrocker@bbiw.net

THUS plc.

paul.overell@thus.net

International Organization for Standardization University of Tennessee

moore@cs.utk.edu

Innosoft International, Inc.

ned.freed@innosoft.com

University of Tennessee

moore@cs.utk.edu

UNINETT

Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no

World Wide Web Consortium

timbl@w3.org http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/

Day Software

fielding@gbiv.com http://roy.gbiv.com/

Adobe Systems Incorporated

LMM@acm.org http://larry.masinter.net/

American National Standards Institute

Use RFC5234-style ABNF, closer to the one used in RFC 2231. Make RFC 2231 dependency informative, so this specification can evolve independaently. Explain the ABNF in prose.

Remove unneeded RFC5137 notation (code point vs character).

And and resolve issues "charset", "repeats" and "rfc4646".

And and resolve issue "charsetmatch".

Add and resolve issues "badseq" and "tokenquotcharset".