MAY"> MUST"> MUST NOT"> OPTIONAL"> RECOMMENDED"> REQUIRED"> SHALL"> SHALL NOT"> SHOULD"> SHOULD NOT"> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> "> ]> Adobe Systems Incorporated

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Microsoft Corporation

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Adobe Systems Incorporated

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Microsoft Corporation

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World Wide Web Consortium

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World Wide Web Consortium

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HTTPbis Working Group The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. HTTP has been in use by the World Wide Web global information initiative since 1990. This document is Part 3 of the seven-part specification that defines the protocol referred to as "HTTP/1.1" and, taken together, obsoletes RFC 2616. Part 3 defines HTTP message content, metadata, and content negotiation. Discussion of this draft should take place on the HTTPBIS working group mailing list (ietf-http-wg@w3.org), which is archived at . The current issues list is at and related documents (including fancy diffs) can be found at . The changes in this draft are summarized in .

This document defines HTTP/1.1 message payloads (a.k.a., content), the associated metadata header fields that define how the payload is intended to be interpreted by a recipient, the request header fields that might influence content selection, and the various selection algorithms that are collectively referred to as HTTP content negotiation. This document is currently disorganized in order to minimize the changes between drafts and enable reviewers to see the smaller errata changes. A future draft will reorganize the sections to better reflect the content. In particular, the sections on entities will be renamed payload and moved to the first half of the document, while the sections on content negotiation and associated request header fields will be moved to the second half. The current mess reflects how widely dispersed these topics and associated requirements had become in .

This specification uses a number of terms to refer to the roles played by participants in, and objects of, the HTTP communication. content negotiation The mechanism for selecting the appropriate representation when servicing a request. The representation in any response can be negotiated (including error responses).

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in . This document defines conformance criteria for several roles in HTTP communication, including Senders, Recipients, Clients, Servers, User-Agents, Origin Servers, Intermediaries, Proxies and Gateways. See &architecture; for definitions of these terms. An implementation is considered conformant if it complies with all of the requirements associated with its role(s). Note that SHOULD-level requirements are relevant here, unless one of the documented exceptions is applicable. This document also uses ABNF to define valid protocol elements (). In addition to the prose requirements placed upon them, Senders &MUST-NOT; generate protocol elements that are invalid. Unless noted otherwise, Recipients &MAY; take steps to recover a usable protocol element from an invalid construct. However, HTTP does not define specific error handling mechanisms, except in cases where it has direct impact on security. This is because different uses of the protocol require different error handling strategies; for example, a Web browser may wish to transparently recover from a response where the Location header field doesn't parse according to the ABNF, whereby in a systems control protocol using HTTP, this type of error recovery could lead to dangerous consequences.

This specification uses the ABNF syntax defined in ¬ation; (which extends the syntax defined in with a list rule). shows the collected ABNF, with the list rule expanded. The following core rules are included by reference, as defined in : ALPHA (letters), CR (carriage return), CRLF (CR LF), CTL (controls), DIGIT (decimal 0-9), DQUOTE (double quote), HEXDIG (hexadecimal 0-9/A-F/a-f), LF (line feed), OCTET (any 8-bit sequence of data), SP (space), and VCHAR (any visible US-ASCII character).

The core rules below are defined in :

OWS = <OWS, defined in &basic-rules;> token = <token, defined in &field-rules;> word = <word, defined in &field-rules;>

The ABNF rules below are defined in other parts:

absolute-URI = <absolute-URI, defined in &uri;> partial-URI = <partial-URI, defined in &uri;> qvalue = <qvalue, defined in &qvalue;>

HTTP uses charset names to indicate the character encoding of a textual representation. A character encoding is identified by a case-insensitive token. The complete set of tokens is defined by the IANA Character Set registry ().

charset = token

Although HTTP allows an arbitrary token to be used as a charset value, any token that has a predefined value within the IANA Character Set registry &MUST; represent the character encoding defined by that registry. Applications &SHOULD; limit their use of character encodings to those defined within the IANA registry. HTTP uses charset in two contexts: within an Accept-Charset request header field (in which the charset value is an unquoted token) and as the value of a parameter in a Content-Type header field (within a request or response), in which case the parameter value of the charset parameter can be quoted. Implementors need to be aware of IETF character set requirements .

Content coding values indicate an encoding transformation that has been or can be applied to a representation. Content codings are primarily used to allow a representation to be compressed or otherwise usefully transformed without losing the identity of its underlying media type and without loss of information. Frequently, the representation is stored in coded form, transmitted directly, and only decoded by the recipient.

content-coding = token

All content-coding values are case-insensitive. HTTP/1.1 uses content-coding values in the Accept-Encoding () and Content-Encoding () header fields. Although the value describes the content-coding, what is more important is that it indicates what decoding mechanism will be required to remove the encoding. compress See &compress-coding;. deflate See &deflate-coding;. gzip See &gzip-coding;.

The HTTP Content Coding Registry defines the name space for the content coding names. Registrations &MUST; include the following fields: Name Description Pointer to specification text Names of content codings &MUST-NOT; overlap with names of transfer codings (&transfer-codings;), unless the encoding transformation is identical (as it is the case for the compression codings defined in &compression-codings;). Values to be added to this name space require a specification (see "Specification Required" in ), and &MUST; conform to the purpose of content coding defined in this section. The registry itself is maintained at .

HTTP uses Internet Media Types in the Content-Type () and Accept () header fields in order to provide open and extensible data typing and type negotiation.

media-type = type "/" subtype *( OWS ";" OWS parameter ) type = token subtype = token

The type/subtype &MAY; be followed by parameters in the form of attribute/value pairs.

parameter = attribute "=" value attribute = token value = word

The type, subtype, and parameter attribute names are case-insensitive. Parameter values might or might not be case-sensitive, depending on the semantics of the parameter name. The presence or absence of a parameter might be significant to the processing of a media-type, depending on its definition within the media type registry. A parameter value that matches the token production can be transmitted as either a token or within a quoted-string. The quoted and unquoted values are equivalent. Note that some older HTTP applications do not recognize media type parameters. When sending data to older HTTP applications, implementations &SHOULD; only use media type parameters when they are required by that type/subtype definition. Media-type values are registered with the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA). The media type registration process is outlined in . Use of non-registered media types is discouraged.

Internet media types are registered with a canonical form. A representation transferred via HTTP messages &MUST; be in the appropriate canonical form prior to its transmission except for "text" types, as defined in the next paragraph. When in canonical form, media subtypes of the "text" type use CRLF as the text line break. HTTP relaxes this requirement and allows the transport of text media with plain CR or LF alone representing a line break when it is done consistently for an entire representation. HTTP applications &MUST; accept CRLF, bare CR, and bare LF as indicating a line break in text media received via HTTP. In addition, if the text is in a character encoding that does not use octets 13 and 10 for CR and LF respectively, as is the case for some multi-byte character encodings, HTTP allows the use of whatever octet sequences are defined by that character encoding to represent the equivalent of CR and LF for line breaks. This flexibility regarding line breaks applies only to text media in the payload body; a bare CR or LF &MUST-NOT; be substituted for CRLF within any of the HTTP control structures (such as header fields and multipart boundaries). If a representation is encoded with a content-coding, the underlying data &MUST; be in a form defined above prior to being encoded.

MIME provides for a number of "multipart" types — encapsulations of one or more representations within a single message-body. All multipart types share a common syntax, as defined in , and &MUST; include a boundary parameter as part of the media type value. The message body is itself a protocol element and &MUST; therefore use only CRLF to represent line breaks between body-parts. In general, HTTP treats a multipart message-body no differently than any other media type: strictly as payload. HTTP does not use the multipart boundary as an indicator of message-body length. In all other respects, an HTTP user agent &SHOULD; follow the same or similar behavior as a MIME user agent would upon receipt of a multipart type. The MIME header fields within each body-part of a multipart message-body do not have any significance to HTTP beyond that defined by their MIME semantics. If an application receives an unrecognized multipart subtype, the application &MUST; treat it as being equivalent to "multipart/mixed". Note: The "multipart/form-data" type has been specifically defined for carrying form data suitable for processing via the POST request method, as described in .

A language tag, as defined in , identifies a natural language spoken, written, or otherwise conveyed by human beings for communication of information to other human beings. Computer languages are explicitly excluded. HTTP uses language tags within the Accept-Language and Content-Language fields. In summary, a language tag is composed of one or more parts: A primary language subtag followed by a possibly empty series of subtags:

language-tag = <Language-Tag, defined in >

White space is not allowed within the tag and all tags are case-insensitive. The name space of language subtags is administered by the IANA (see ).

Example tags include: en, en-US, es-419, az-Arab, x-pig-latin, man-Nkoo-GN

See for further information.

HTTP messages &MAY; transfer a payload if not otherwise restricted by the request method or response status code. The payload consists of metadata, in the form of header fields, and data, in the form of the sequence of octets in the message-body after any transfer-coding has been decoded. A "payload" in HTTP is always a partial or complete representation of some resource. We use separate terms for payload and representation because some messages contain only the associated representation's header fields (e.g., responses to HEAD) or only some part(s) of the representation (e.g., the 206 status code).

HTTP header fields that specifically define the payload, rather than the associated representation, are referred to as "payload header fields". The following payload header fields are defined by HTTP/1.1: Header Field Name Defined in... Content-Length &header-content-length; Content-Range &header-content-range;

A payload body is only present in a message when a message-body is present, as described in &message-body;. The payload body is obtained from the message-body by decoding any Transfer-Encoding that might have been applied to ensure safe and proper transfer of the message.

A "representation" is information in a format that can be readily communicated from one party to another. A resource representation is information that reflects the state of that resource, as observed at some point in the past (e.g., in a response to GET) or to be desired at some point in the future (e.g., in a PUT request). Most, but not all, representations transferred via HTTP are intended to be a representation of the target resource (the resource identified by the effective request URI). The precise semantics of a representation are determined by the type of message (request or response), the request method, the response status code, and the representation metadata. For example, the above semantic is true for the representation in any 200 (OK) response to GET and for the representation in any PUT request. A 200 response to PUT, in contrast, contains either a representation that describes the successful action or a representation of the target resource, with the latter indicated by a Content-Location header field with the same value as the effective request URI. Likewise, response messages with an error status code usually contain a representation that describes the error and what next steps are suggested for resolving it.

Representation header fields define metadata about the representation data enclosed in the message-body or, if no message-body is present, about the representation that would have been transferred in a 200 response to a simultaneous GET request with the same effective request URI. The following header fields are defined as representation metadata: Header Field Name Defined in... Content-Encoding Content-Language Content-Location Content-Type Expires &header-expires; Last-Modified &header-last-modified;

The representation body associated with an HTTP message is either provided as the payload body of the message or referred to by the message semantics and the effective request URI. The representation data is in a format and encoding defined by the representation metadata header fields. The data type of the representation data is determined via the header fields Content-Type and Content-Encoding. These define a two-layer, ordered encoding model:

representation-data := Content-Encoding( Content-Type( bits ) )

Content-Type specifies the media type of the underlying data, which defines both the data format and how that data &SHOULD; be processed by the recipient (within the scope of the request method semantics). Any HTTP/1.1 message containing a payload body &SHOULD; include a Content-Type header field defining the media type of the associated representation unless that metadata is unknown to the sender. If the Content-Type header field is not present, it indicates that the sender does not know the media type of the representation; recipients &MAY; either assume that the media type is "application/octet-stream" () or examine the content to determine its type. In practice, resource owners do not always properly configure their origin server to provide the correct Content-Type for a given representation, with the result that some clients will examine a response body's content and override the specified type. Clients that do so risk drawing incorrect conclusions, which might expose additional security risks (e.g., "privilege escalation"). Furthermore, it is impossible to determine the sender's intent by examining the data format: many data formats match multiple media types that differ only in processing semantics. Implementers are encouraged to provide a means of disabling such "content sniffing" when it is used. Content-Encoding is used to indicate any additional content codings applied to the data, usually for the purpose of data compression, that are a property of the representation. If Content-Encoding is not present, then there is no additional encoding beyond that defined by the Content-Type.

HTTP responses include a representation which contains information for interpretation, whether by a human user or for further processing. Often, the server has different ways of representing the same information; for example, in different formats, languages, or using different character encodings. HTTP clients and their users might have different or variable capabilities, characteristics or preferences which would influence which representation, among those available from the server, would be best for the server to deliver. For this reason, HTTP provides mechanisms for "content negotiation" — a process of allowing selection of a representation of a given resource, when more than one is available. This specification defines two patterns of content negotiation; "server-driven", where the server selects the representation based upon the client's stated preferences, and "agent-driven" negotiation, where the server provides a list of representations for the client to choose from, based upon their metadata. In addition, there are other patterns: some applications use an "active content" pattern, where the server returns active content which runs on the client and, based on client available parameters, selects additional resources to invoke. "Transparent Content Negotiation" () has also been proposed. These patterns are all widely used, and have trade-offs in applicability and practicality. In particular, when the number of preferences or capabilities to be expressed by a client are large (such as when many different formats are supported by a user-agent), server-driven negotiation becomes unwieldy, and might not be appropriate. Conversely, when the number of representations to choose from is very large, agent-driven negotiation might not be appropriate. Note that in all cases, the supplier of representations has the responsibility for determining which representations might be considered to be the "same information".

If the selection of the best representation for a response is made by an algorithm located at the server, it is called server-driven negotiation. Selection is based on the available representations of the response (the dimensions over which it can vary; e.g., language, content-coding, etc.) and the contents of particular header fields in the request message or on other information pertaining to the request (such as the network address of the client). Server-driven negotiation is advantageous when the algorithm for selecting from among the available representations is difficult to describe to the user agent, or when the server desires to send its "best guess" to the client along with the first response (hoping to avoid the round-trip delay of a subsequent request if the "best guess" is good enough for the user). In order to improve the server's guess, the user agent &MAY; include request header fields (Accept, Accept-Language, Accept-Encoding, etc.) which describe its preferences for such a response. Server-driven negotiation has disadvantages: It is impossible for the server to accurately determine what might be "best" for any given user, since that would require complete knowledge of both the capabilities of the user agent and the intended use for the response (e.g., does the user want to view it on screen or print it on paper?). Having the user agent describe its capabilities in every request can be both very inefficient (given that only a small percentage of responses have multiple representations) and a potential violation of the user's privacy. It complicates the implementation of an origin server and the algorithms for generating responses to a request. It might limit a public cache's ability to use the same response for multiple user's requests. Server-driven negotiation allows the user agent to specify its preferences, but it cannot expect responses to always honour them. For example, the origin server might not implement server-driven negotiation, or it might decide that sending a response that doesn't conform to them is better than sending a 406 (Not Acceptable) response. Many of the mechanisms for expressing preferences use quality values to declare relative preference. See &qvalue; for more information. HTTP/1.1 includes the following header fields for enabling server-driven negotiation through description of user agent capabilities and user preferences: Accept (), Accept-Charset (), Accept-Encoding (), Accept-Language (), and User-Agent (&header-user-agent;). However, an origin server is not limited to these dimensions and &MAY; vary the response based on any aspect of the request, including aspects of the connection (e.g., IP address) or information within extension header fields not defined by this specification. Note: In practice, User-Agent based negotiation is fragile, because new clients might not be recognized. The Vary header field (&header-vary;) can be used to express the parameters the server uses to select a representation that is subject to server-driven negotiation.

With agent-driven negotiation, selection of the best representation for a response is performed by the user agent after receiving an initial response from the origin server. Selection is based on a list of the available representations of the response included within the header fields or body of the initial response, with each representation identified by its own URI. Selection from among the representations can be performed automatically (if the user agent is capable of doing so) or manually by the user selecting from a generated (possibly hypertext) menu. Agent-driven negotiation is advantageous when the response would vary over commonly-used dimensions (such as type, language, or encoding), when the origin server is unable to determine a user agent's capabilities from examining the request, and generally when public caches are used to distribute server load and reduce network usage. Agent-driven negotiation suffers from the disadvantage of needing a second request to obtain the best alternate representation. This second request is only efficient when caching is used. In addition, this specification does not define any mechanism for supporting automatic selection, though it also does not prevent any such mechanism from being developed as an extension and used within HTTP/1.1. This specification defines the 300 (Multiple Choices) and 406 (Not Acceptable) status codes for enabling agent-driven negotiation when the server is unwilling or unable to provide a varying response using server-driven negotiation.

This section defines the syntax and semantics of HTTP/1.1 header fields related to the payload of messages.

The "Accept" header field can be used by user agents to specify response media types that are acceptable. Accept header fields can be used to indicate that the request is specifically limited to a small set of desired types, as in the case of a request for an in-line image.

Accept = #( media-range [ accept-params ] ) media-range = ( "*/*" / ( type "/" "*" ) / ( type "/" subtype ) ) *( OWS ";" OWS parameter ) accept-params = OWS ";" OWS "q=" qvalue *( accept-ext ) accept-ext = OWS ";" OWS token [ "=" word ]

The asterisk "*" character is used to group media types into ranges, with "*/*" indicating all media types and "type/*" indicating all subtypes of that type. The media-range &MAY; include media type parameters that are applicable to that range. Each media-range &MAY; be followed by one or more accept-params, beginning with the "q" parameter for indicating a relative quality factor. The first "q" parameter (if any) separates the media-range parameter(s) from the accept-params. Quality factors allow the user or user agent to indicate the relative degree of preference for that media-range, using the qvalue scale from 0 to 1 (&qvalue;). The default value is q=1. Note: Use of the "q" parameter name to separate media type parameters from Accept extension parameters is due to historical practice. Although this prevents any media type parameter named "q" from being used with a media range, such an event is believed to be unlikely given the lack of any "q" parameters in the IANA media type registry and the rare usage of any media type parameters in Accept. Future media types are discouraged from registering any parameter named "q". The example

Accept: audio/*; q=0.2, audio/basic

&SHOULD; be interpreted as "I prefer audio/basic, but send me any audio type if it is the best available after an 80% mark-down in quality". A request without any Accept header field implies that the user agent will accept any media type in response. If an Accept header field is present in a request and none of the available representations for the response have a media type that is listed as acceptable, the origin server &MAY; either honor the Accept header field by sending a 406 (Not Acceptable) response or disregard the Accept header field by treating the response as if it is not subject to content negotiation. A more elaborate example is

Accept: text/plain; q=0.5, text/html, text/x-dvi; q=0.8, text/x-c

Verbally, this would be interpreted as "text/html and text/x-c are the preferred media types, but if they do not exist, then send the text/x-dvi representation, and if that does not exist, send the text/plain representation". Media ranges can be overridden by more specific media ranges or specific media types. If more than one media range applies to a given type, the most specific reference has precedence. For example,

Accept: text/*, text/plain, text/plain;format=flowed, */*

have the following precedence: text/plain;format=flowed text/plain text/* */* The media type quality factor associated with a given type is determined by finding the media range with the highest precedence which matches that type. For example,

Accept: text/*;q=0.3, text/html;q=0.7, text/html;level=1, text/html;level=2;q=0.4, */*;q=0.5

would cause the following values to be associated: Media TypeQuality Value text/html;level=1 1 text/html 0.7 text/plain 0.3 image/jpeg 0.5 text/html;level=2 0.4 text/html;level=3 0.7 Note: A user agent might be provided with a default set of quality values for certain media ranges. However, unless the user agent is a closed system which cannot interact with other rendering agents, this default set ought to be configurable by the user.

The "Accept-Charset" header field can be used by user agents to indicate what character encodings are acceptable in a response payload. This field allows clients capable of understanding more comprehensive or special-purpose character encodings to signal that capability to a server which is capable of representing documents in those character encodings.

Accept-Charset = 1#( ( charset / "*" ) [ OWS ";" OWS "q=" qvalue ] )

Character encoding values (a.k.a., charsets) are described in . Each charset &MAY; be given an associated quality value which represents the user's preference for that charset. The default value is q=1. An example is

Accept-Charset: iso-8859-5, unicode-1-1;q=0.8

The special value "*", if present in the Accept-Charset field, matches every character encoding which is not mentioned elsewhere in the Accept-Charset field. If no "*" is present in an Accept-Charset field, then all character encodings not explicitly mentioned get a quality value of 0. A request without any Accept-Charset header field implies that the user agent will accept any character encoding in response. If an Accept-Charset header field is present in a request and none of the available representations for the response have a character encoding that is listed as acceptable, the origin server &MAY; either honor the Accept-Charset header field by sending a 406 (Not Acceptable) response or disregard the Accept-Charset header field by treating the response as if it is not subject to content negotiation.

The "Accept-Encoding" header field can be used by user agents to indicate what response content-codings () are acceptable in the response. An "identity" token is used as a synonym for "no encoding" in order to communicate when no encoding is preferred.

Accept-Encoding = #( codings [ OWS ";" OWS "q=" qvalue ] ) codings = content-coding / "identity" / "*"

Each codings value &MAY; be given an associated quality value which represents the preference for that encoding. The default value is q=1. For example,

Accept-Encoding: compress, gzip Accept-Encoding: Accept-Encoding: * Accept-Encoding: compress;q=0.5, gzip;q=1.0 Accept-Encoding: gzip;q=1.0, identity; q=0.5, *;q=0

A server tests whether a content-coding for a given representation is acceptable, according to an Accept-Encoding field, using these rules: The special "*" symbol in an Accept-Encoding field matches any available content-coding not explicitly listed in the header field. If the representation has no content-coding, then it is acceptable by default unless specifically excluded by the Accept-Encoding field stating either "identity;q=0" or "*;q=0" without a more specific entry for "identity". If the representation's content-coding is one of the content-codings listed in the Accept-Encoding field, then it is acceptable unless it is accompanied by a qvalue of 0. (As defined in &qvalue;, a qvalue of 0 means "not acceptable".) If multiple content-codings are acceptable, then the acceptable content-coding with the highest non-zero qvalue is preferred. An Accept-Encoding header field with a combined field-value that is empty implies that the user agent does not want any content-coding in response. If an Accept-Encoding header field is present in a request and none of the available representations for the response have a content-coding that is listed as acceptable, the origin server &SHOULD; send a response without any content-coding. A request without an Accept-Encoding header field implies that the user agent will accept any content-coding in response, but a representation without content-coding is preferred for compatibility with the widest variety of user agents. Note: Most HTTP/1.0 applications do not recognize or obey qvalues associated with content-codings. This means that qvalues will not work and are not permitted with x-gzip or x-compress.

The "Accept-Language" header field can be used by user agents to indicate the set of natural languages that are preferred in the response. Language tags are defined in .

Accept-Language = 1#( language-range [ OWS ";" OWS "q=" qvalue ] ) language-range = <language-range, defined in >

Each language-range can be given an associated quality value which represents an estimate of the user's preference for the languages specified by that range. The quality value defaults to "q=1". For example,

Accept-Language: da, en-gb;q=0.8, en;q=0.7

would mean: "I prefer Danish, but will accept British English and other types of English". (see also ) For matching, defines several matching schemes. Implementations can offer the most appropriate matching scheme for their requirements. Note: The "Basic Filtering" scheme () is identical to the matching scheme that was previously defined in . It might be contrary to the privacy expectations of the user to send an Accept-Language header field with the complete linguistic preferences of the user in every request. For a discussion of this issue, see . As intelligibility is highly dependent on the individual user, it is recommended that client applications make the choice of linguistic preference available to the user. If the choice is not made available, then the Accept-Language header field &MUST-NOT; be given in the request. Note: When making the choice of linguistic preference available to the user, we remind implementors of the fact that users are not familiar with the details of language matching as described above, and ought to be provided appropriate guidance. As an example, users might assume that on selecting "en-gb", they will be served any kind of English document if British English is not available. A user agent might suggest in such a case to add "en" to get the best matching behavior.

The "Content-Encoding" header field indicates what content-codings have been applied to the representation beyond those inherent in the media type, and thus what decoding mechanisms must be applied in order to obtain the media-type referenced by the Content-Type header field. Content-Encoding is primarily used to allow a representation to be compressed without losing the identity of its underlying media type.

Content-Encoding = 1#content-coding

Content codings are defined in . An example of its use is

Content-Encoding: gzip

The content-coding is a characteristic of the representation. Typically, the representation body is stored with this encoding and is only decoded before rendering or analogous usage. However, a transforming proxy &MAY; modify the content-coding if the new coding is known to be acceptable to the recipient, unless the "no-transform" cache-control directive is present in the message. If the media type includes an inherent encoding, such as a data format that is always compressed, then that encoding would not be restated as a Content-Encoding even if it happens to be the same algorithm as one of the content-codings. Such a content-coding would only be listed if, for some bizarre reason, it is applied a second time to form the representation. Likewise, an origin server might choose to publish the same payload data as multiple representations that differ only in whether the coding is defined as part of Content-Type or Content-Encoding, since some user agents will behave differently in their handling of each response (e.g., open a "Save as ..." dialog instead of automatic decompression and rendering of content). A representation that has a content-coding applied to it &MUST; include a Content-Encoding header field () that lists the content-coding(s) applied. If multiple encodings have been applied to a representation, the content codings &MUST; be listed in the order in which they were applied. Additional information about the encoding parameters &MAY; be provided by other header fields not defined by this specification. If the content-coding of a representation in a request message is not acceptable to the origin server, the server &SHOULD; respond with a status code of 415 (Unsupported Media Type).

The "Content-Language" header field describes the natural language(s) of the intended audience for the representation. Note that this might not be equivalent to all the languages used within the representation.

Content-Language = 1#language-tag

Language tags are defined in . The primary purpose of Content-Language is to allow a user to identify and differentiate representations according to the user's own preferred language. Thus, if the body content is intended only for a Danish-literate audience, the appropriate field is

Content-Language: da

If no Content-Language is specified, the default is that the content is intended for all language audiences. This might mean that the sender does not consider it to be specific to any natural language, or that the sender does not know for which language it is intended. Multiple languages &MAY; be listed for content that is intended for multiple audiences. For example, a rendition of the "Treaty of Waitangi", presented simultaneously in the original Maori and English versions, would call for

Content-Language: mi, en

However, just because multiple languages are present within a representation does not mean that it is intended for multiple linguistic audiences. An example would be a beginner's language primer, such as "A First Lesson in Latin", which is clearly intended to be used by an English-literate audience. In this case, the Content-Language would properly only include "en". Content-Language &MAY; be applied to any media type — it is not limited to textual documents.

The "Content-Location" header field supplies a URI that can be used as a specific identifier for the representation in this message. In other words, if one were to perform a GET on this URI at the time of this message's generation, then a 200 response would contain the same representation that is enclosed as payload in this message.

Content-Location = absolute-URI / partial-URI

The Content-Location value is not a replacement for the effective Request URI (&effective-request-uri;). It is representation metadata. It has the same syntax and semantics as the header field of the same name defined for MIME body parts in . However, its appearance in an HTTP message has some special implications for HTTP recipients. If Content-Location is included in a response message and its value is the same as the effective request URI, then the response payload &SHOULD; be considered the current representation of that resource. For a GET or HEAD request, this is the same as the default semantics when no Content-Location is provided by the server. For a state-changing request like PUT or POST, it implies that the server's response contains the new representation of that resource, thereby distinguishing it from representations that might only report about the action (e.g., "It worked!"). This allows authoring applications to update their local copies without the need for a subsequent GET request. If Content-Location is included in a response message and its value differs from the effective request URI, then the origin server is informing recipients that this representation has its own, presumably more specific, identifier. For a GET or HEAD request, this is an indication that the effective request URI identifies a resource that is subject to content negotiation and the representation selected for this response can also be found at the identified URI. For other methods, such a Content-Location indicates that this representation contains a report on the action's status and the same report is available (for future access with GET) at the given URI. For example, a purchase transaction made via a POST request might include a receipt document as the payload of the 200 response; the Content-Location value provides an identifier for retrieving a copy of that same receipt in the future. If Content-Location is included in a request message, then it &MAY; be interpreted by the origin server as an indication of where the user agent originally obtained the content of the enclosed representation (prior to any subsequent modification of the content by that user agent). In other words, the user agent is providing the same representation metadata that it received with the original representation. However, such interpretation &MUST-NOT; be used to alter the semantics of the method requested by the client. For example, if a client makes a PUT request on a negotiated resource and the origin server accepts that PUT (without redirection), then the new set of values for that resource is expected to be consistent with the one representation supplied in that PUT; the Content-Location cannot be used as a form of reverse content selection that identifies only one of the negotiated representations to be updated. If the user agent had wanted the latter semantics, it would have applied the PUT directly to the Content-Location URI. A Content-Location field received in a request message is transitory information that &SHOULD-NOT; be saved with other representation metadata for use in later responses. The Content-Location's value might be saved for use in other contexts, such as within source links or other metadata. A cache cannot assume that a representation with a Content-Location different from the URI used to retrieve it can be used to respond to later requests on that Content-Location URI. If the Content-Location value is a partial URI, the partial URI is interpreted relative to the effective request URI.

The "Content-Type" header field indicates the media type of the representation. In the case of responses to the HEAD method, the media type is that which would have been sent had the request been a GET.

Content-Type = media-type

Media types are defined in . An example of the field is

Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-4

Further discussion of Content-Type is provided in .

The Message Header Field Registry located at shall be updated with the permanent registrations below (see ): Header Field Name Protocol Status Reference Accept http standard Accept-Charset http standard Accept-Encoding http standard Accept-Language http standard Content-Encoding http standard Content-Language http standard Content-Location http standard Content-Type http standard MIME-Version http standard The change controller is: "IETF (iesg@ietf.org) - Internet Engineering Task Force".

The registration procedure for HTTP Content Codings is now defined by of this document. The HTTP Content Codings Registry located at shall be updated with the registration below: Name Description Reference compress UNIX "compress" program method &compress-coding; deflate "deflate" compression mechanism () used inside the "zlib" data format () &deflate-coding; gzip Same as GNU zip &gzip-coding; identity reserved (synonym for "no encoding" in Accept-Encoding header field)

This section is meant to inform application developers, information providers, and users of the security limitations in HTTP/1.1 as described by this document. The discussion does not include definitive solutions to the problems revealed, though it does make some suggestions for reducing security risks.

Accept headers fields can reveal information about the user to all servers which are accessed. The Accept-Language header field in particular can reveal information the user would consider to be of a private nature, because the understanding of particular languages is often strongly correlated to the membership of a particular ethnic group. User agents which offer the option to configure the contents of an Accept-Language header field to be sent in every request are strongly encouraged to let the configuration process include a message which makes the user aware of the loss of privacy involved. An approach that limits the loss of privacy would be for a user agent to omit the sending of Accept-Language header fields by default, and to ask the user whether or not to start sending Accept-Language header fields to a server if it detects, by looking for any Vary header fields generated by the server, that such sending could improve the quality of service. Elaborate user-customized accept header fields sent in every request, in particular if these include quality values, can be used by servers as relatively reliable and long-lived user identifiers. Such user identifiers would allow content providers to do click-trail tracking, and would allow collaborating content providers to match cross-server click-trails or form submissions of individual users. Note that for many users not behind a proxy, the network address of the host running the user agent will also serve as a long-lived user identifier. In environments where proxies are used to enhance privacy, user agents ought to be conservative in offering accept header configuration options to end users. As an extreme privacy measure, proxies could filter the accept header fields in relayed requests. General purpose user agents which provide a high degree of header configurability &SHOULD; warn users about the loss of privacy which can be involved.

See &acks;.

Adobe Systems Incorporated

fielding@gbiv.com

Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs

jg@freedesktop.org

Hewlett-Packard Company

JeffMogul@acm.org

Microsoft Corporation

henrikn@microsoft.com

Adobe Systems Incorporated

LMM@acm.org

Microsoft Corporation

paulle@microsoft.com

World Wide Web Consortium

timbl@w3.org

World Wide Web Consortium

ylafon@w3.org

greenbytes GmbH

julian.reschke@greenbytes.de

Adobe Systems Incorporated

fielding@gbiv.com

Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs

jg@freedesktop.org

Hewlett-Packard Company

JeffMogul@acm.org

Microsoft Corporation

henrikn@microsoft.com

Adobe Systems Incorporated

LMM@acm.org

Microsoft Corporation

paulle@microsoft.com

World Wide Web Consortium

timbl@w3.org

World Wide Web Consortium

ylafon@w3.org

greenbytes GmbH

julian.reschke@greenbytes.de

Adobe Systems Incorporated

fielding@gbiv.com

Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs

jg@freedesktop.org

Hewlett-Packard Company

JeffMogul@acm.org

Microsoft Corporation

henrikn@microsoft.com

Adobe Systems Incorporated

LMM@acm.org

Microsoft Corporation

paulle@microsoft.com

World Wide Web Consortium

timbl@w3.org

World Wide Web Consortium

ylafon@w3.org

greenbytes GmbH

julian.reschke@greenbytes.de

Adobe Systems Incorporated

fielding@gbiv.com

Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs

jg@freedesktop.org

Hewlett-Packard Company

JeffMogul@acm.org

Microsoft Corporation

henrikn@microsoft.com

Adobe Systems Incorporated

LMM@acm.org

Microsoft Corporation

paulle@microsoft.com

World Wide Web Consortium

timbl@w3.org

World Wide Web Consortium

ylafon@w3.org

greenbytes GmbH

julian.reschke@greenbytes.de

Adobe Systems Incorporated

fielding@gbiv.com

Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs

jg@freedesktop.org

Hewlett-Packard Company

JeffMogul@acm.org

Microsoft Corporation

henrikn@microsoft.com

Adobe Systems Incorporated

LMM@acm.org

Microsoft Corporation

paulle@microsoft.com

World Wide Web Consortium

timbl@w3.org

World Wide Web Consortium

ylafon@w3.org

Rackspace

mnot@mnot.net

greenbytes GmbH

julian.reschke@greenbytes.de

Aladdin Enterprises

ghost@aladdin.com

Aladdin Enterprises

ghost@aladdin.com

Aladdin Enterprises

ghost@aladdin.com

gzip@prep.ai.mit.edu

madler@alumni.caltech.edu

ghost@aladdin.com

randeg@alumni.rpi.edu

Innosoft International, Inc.

ned@innosoft.com

First Virtual Holdings

nsb@nsb.fv.com

Innosoft International, Inc.

ned@innosoft.com

First Virtual Holdings

nsb@nsb.fv.com

Harvard University

sob@harvard.edu

Yahoo! Inc.

addison@inter-locale.com

Google

mark.davis@macchiato.com

Brandenburg InternetWorking

dcrocker@bbiw.net

THUS plc.

paul.overell@thus.net

Lab126

addison@inter-locale.com

Google

mark.davis@google.com

MIT, Laboratory for Computer Science

timbl@w3.org

University of California, Irvine, Department of Information and Computer Science

fielding@ics.uci.edu

W3 Consortium, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science

frystyk@w3.org

Innosoft International, Inc.

ned@innosoft.com

First Virtual Holdings

nsb@nsb.fv.com

University of California, Irvine, Department of Information and Computer Science

fielding@ics.uci.edu

MIT Laboratory for Computer Science

jg@w3.org

Digital Equipment Corporation, Western Research Laboratory

mogul@wrl.dec.com

MIT Laboratory for Computer Science

frystyk@w3.org

MIT Laboratory for Computer Science

timbl@w3.org

Stockholm University/KTH

jpalme@dsv.su.se

UNINETT

Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no

Technische Universiteit Eindhoven

koen@win.tue.nl

Hewlett-Packard Company

mutz@hpl.hp.com

Xerox Palo Alto Research Center

masinter@parc.xerox.com

Stockholm University and KTH

jpalme@dsv.su.se

Microsoft Corporation

alexhop@microsoft.com

Lotus Development Corporation

Shelness@lotus.com

stef@nma.com

University of California, Irvine

fielding@ics.uci.edu

W3C

jg@w3.org

Compaq Computer Corporation

mogul@wrl.dec.com

MIT Laboratory for Computer Science

frystyk@w3.org

Xerox Corporation

masinter@parc.xerox.com

Microsoft Corporation

paulle@microsoft.com

W3C

timbl@w3.org

Alis Technologies

fyergeau@alis.com

Nine by Nine

GK-IETF@ninebynine.org

BEA Systems

mnot@pobox.com

HP Labs

JeffMogul@acm.org

Sun Microsystems

ned.freed@mrochek.com

klensin+ietf@jck.com

IBM

narten@us.ibm.com

Google

Harald@Alvestrand.no

Qualcomm Incorporated greenbytes GmbH

julian.reschke@greenbytes.de

HTTP/1.1 uses many of the constructs defined for Internet Mail () and the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME ) to allow a message-body to be transmitted in an open variety of representations and with extensible mechanisms. However, RFC 2045 discusses mail, and HTTP has a few features that are different from those described in MIME. These differences were carefully chosen to optimize performance over binary connections, to allow greater freedom in the use of new media types, to make date comparisons easier, and to acknowledge the practice of some early HTTP servers and clients. This appendix describes specific areas where HTTP differs from MIME. Proxies and gateways to strict MIME environments &SHOULD; be aware of these differences and provide the appropriate conversions where necessary. Proxies and gateways from MIME environments to HTTP also need to be aware of the differences because some conversions might be required.

HTTP is not a MIME-compliant protocol. However, HTTP/1.1 messages &MAY; include a single MIME-Version header field to indicate what version of the MIME protocol was used to construct the message. Use of the MIME-Version header field indicates that the message is in full compliance with the MIME protocol (as defined in ). Proxies/gateways are responsible for ensuring full compliance (where possible) when exporting HTTP messages to strict MIME environments.

MIME-Version = 1*DIGIT "." 1*DIGIT

MIME version "1.0" is the default for use in HTTP/1.1. However, HTTP/1.1 message parsing and semantics are defined by this document and not the MIME specification.

MIME requires that an Internet mail body-part be converted to canonical form prior to being transferred, as described in . of this document describes the forms allowed for subtypes of the "text" media type when transmitted over HTTP. requires that content with a type of "text" represent line breaks as CRLF and forbids the use of CR or LF outside of line break sequences. HTTP allows CRLF, bare CR, and bare LF to indicate a line break within text content when a message is transmitted over HTTP. Where it is possible, a proxy or gateway from HTTP to a strict MIME environment &SHOULD; translate all line breaks within the text media types described in of this document to the RFC 2049 canonical form of CRLF. Note, however, that this might be complicated by the presence of a Content-Encoding and by the fact that HTTP allows the use of some character encodings which do not use octets 13 and 10 to represent CR and LF, respectively, as is the case for some multi-byte character encodings. Conversion will break any cryptographic checksums applied to the original content unless the original content is already in canonical form. Therefore, the canonical form is recommended for any content that uses such checksums in HTTP.

HTTP/1.1 uses a restricted set of date formats (&http-date;) to simplify the process of date comparison. Proxies and gateways from other protocols &SHOULD; ensure that any Date header field present in a message conforms to one of the HTTP/1.1 formats and rewrite the date if necessary.

MIME does not include any concept equivalent to HTTP/1.1's Content-Encoding header field. Since this acts as a modifier on the media type, proxies and gateways from HTTP to MIME-compliant protocols &MUST; either change the value of the Content-Type header field or decode the representation before forwarding the message. (Some experimental applications of Content-Type for Internet mail have used a media-type parameter of ";conversions=<content-coding>" to perform a function equivalent to Content-Encoding. However, this parameter is not part of the MIME standards).

HTTP does not use the Content-Transfer-Encoding field of MIME. Proxies and gateways from MIME-compliant protocols to HTTP &MUST; remove any Content-Transfer-Encoding prior to delivering the response message to an HTTP client. Proxies and gateways from HTTP to MIME-compliant protocols are responsible for ensuring that the message is in the correct format and encoding for safe transport on that protocol, where "safe transport" is defined by the limitations of the protocol being used. Such a proxy or gateway &SHOULD; label the data with an appropriate Content-Transfer-Encoding if doing so will improve the likelihood of safe transport over the destination protocol.

HTTP/1.1 introduces the Transfer-Encoding header field (&header-transfer-encoding;). Proxies/gateways &MUST; remove any transfer-coding prior to forwarding a message via a MIME-compliant protocol.

HTTP implementations which share code with MHTML implementations need to be aware of MIME line length limitations. Since HTTP does not have this limitation, HTTP does not fold long lines. MHTML messages being transported by HTTP follow all conventions of MHTML, including line length limitations and folding, canonicalization, etc., since HTTP transports all message-bodies as payload (see ) and does not interpret the content or any MIME header lines that might be contained therein.

and document protocol elements used by some existing HTTP implementations, but not consistently and correctly across most HTTP/1.1 applications. Implementors are advised to be aware of these features, but cannot rely upon their presence in, or interoperability with, other HTTP/1.1 applications. Some of these describe proposed experimental features, and some describe features that experimental deployment found lacking that are now addressed in the base HTTP/1.1 specification. A number of other header fields, such as Content-Disposition and Title, from SMTP and MIME are also often implemented (see and ).

Clarify contexts that charset is used in. () Remove the default character encoding for text media types; the default now is whatever the media type definition says. () Change ABNF productions for header fields to only define the field value. () Remove definition of Content-MD5 header field because it was inconsistently implemented with respect to partial responses, and also because of known deficiencies in the hash algorithm itself (see for details). () Remove ISO-8859-1 special-casing in Accept-Charset. () Remove base URI setting semantics for Content-Location due to poor implementation support, which was caused by too many broken servers emitting bogus Content-Location header fields, and also the potentially undesirable effect of potentially breaking relative links in content-negotiated resources. () Remove discussion of Content-Disposition header field, it is now defined by . () Remove reference to non-existant identity transfer-coding value tokens. ()

Accept = [ ( "," / ( media-range [ accept-params ] ) ) *( OWS "," [ OWS media-range [ accept-params ] ] ) ] Accept-Charset = *( "," OWS ) ( charset / "*" ) [ OWS ";" OWS "q=" qvalue ] *( OWS "," [ OWS ( charset / "*" ) [ OWS ";" OWS "q=" qvalue ] ] ) Accept-Encoding = [ ( "," / ( codings [ OWS ";" OWS "q=" qvalue ] ) ) *( OWS "," [ OWS codings [ OWS ";" OWS "q=" qvalue ] ] ) ] Accept-Language = *( "," OWS ) language-range [ OWS ";" OWS "q=" qvalue ] *( OWS "," [ OWS language-range [ OWS ";" OWS "q=" qvalue ] ] ) Content-Encoding = *( "," OWS ) content-coding *( OWS "," [ OWS content-coding ] ) Content-Language = *( "," OWS ) language-tag *( OWS "," [ OWS language-tag ] ) Content-Location = absolute-URI / partial-URI Content-Type = media-type MIME-Version = 1*DIGIT "." 1*DIGIT OWS = <OWS, defined in [Part1], Section 1.2.2> absolute-URI = <absolute-URI, defined in [Part1], Section 2.7> accept-ext = OWS ";" OWS token [ "=" word ] accept-params = OWS ";" OWS "q=" qvalue *accept-ext attribute = token charset = token codings = content-coding / "identity" / "*" content-coding = token language-range = <language-range, defined in [RFC4647], Section 2.1> language-tag = <Language-Tag, defined in [RFC5646], Section 2.1> media-range = ( "*/*" / ( type "/*" ) / ( type "/" subtype ) ) *( OWS ";" OWS parameter ) media-type = type "/" subtype *( OWS ";" OWS parameter ) parameter = attribute "=" value partial-URI = <partial-URI, defined in [Part1], Section 2.7> qvalue = <qvalue, defined in [Part1], Section 5.3> subtype = token token = <token, defined in [Part1], Section 3.2.3> type = token value = word word = <word, defined in [Part1], Section 3.2.3>

ABNF diagnostics: ; Accept defined but not used ; Accept-Charset defined but not used ; Accept-Encoding defined but not used ; Accept-Language defined but not used ; Content-Encoding defined but not used ; Content-Language defined but not used ; Content-Location defined but not used ; Content-Type defined but not used ; MIME-Version defined but not used

Extracted relevant partitions from .

Closed issues: : "Media Type Registrations" () : "Clarification regarding quoting of charset values" () : "Remove 'identity' token references" () : "Accept-Encoding BNF" : "Normative and Informative references" : "RFC1700 references" : "Updating to RFC4288" : "Informative references" : "ISO-8859-1 Reference" : "Encoding References Normative" : "Normative up-to-date references"

Ongoing work on ABNF conversion (): Add explicit references to BNF syntax and rules imported from other parts of the specification.

Closed issues: : "Quoting Charsets" : "Classification for Allow header" : "missing default for qvalue in description of Accept-Encoding" Ongoing work on IANA Message Header Field Registration (): Reference RFC 3984, and update header field registrations for headers defined in this document.

Closed issues: : "Quoting Charsets" : "language tag matching (Accept-Language) vs RFC4647" : "RFC 1806 has been replaced by RFC2183" Other changes: : "Encoding References Normative" — rephrase the annotation and reference BCP97.

Closed issues: : "RFC 2822 is updated by RFC 5322" Ongoing work on ABNF conversion (): Use "/" instead of "|" for alternatives. Introduce new ABNF rules for "bad" whitespace ("BWS"), optional whitespace ("OWS") and required whitespace ("RWS"). Rewrite ABNFs to spell out whitespace rules, factor out header field value format definitions.

Closed issues: : "Join "Differences Between HTTP Entities and RFC 2045 Entities"?" Final work on ABNF conversion (): Add appendix containing collected and expanded ABNF, reorganize ABNF introduction. Other changes: Move definition of quality values into Part 1.

Closed issues: : "Content-Location isn't special" : "Content Sniffing"

Closed issues: : "Updated reference for language tags" : "Clarify rules for determining what entities a response carries" : "Content-Location base-setting problems" : "Content Sniffing" : "pick IANA policy (RFC5226) for Transfer Coding / Content Coding" : "move definitions of gzip/deflate/compress to part 1" Partly resolved issues: : "update IANA requirements wrt Transfer-Coding values" (add the IANA Considerations subsection) : "update IANA requirements wrt Content-Coding values" (add the IANA Considerations subsection)

Closed issues: : "Content Negotiation for media types" : "Accept-Language: which RFC4647 filtering?"

Closed issues: : "MIME-Version not listed in P1, general header fields" : "IANA registry for content/transfer encodings" : "Content Sniffing" : "use of term "word" when talking about header structure" Partly resolved issues: : "Term for the requested resource's URI"

Closed issues: : "Clarify 'Requested Variant'" : "Content-Location isn't special" : "Delimiting messages with multipart/byteranges" : "Clarify entity / representation / variant terminology" : "confusing req. language for Content-Location" : "Content-Location on 304 responses" : "'requested resource' in content-encoding definition" : "consider removing the 'changes from 2068' sections" Partly resolved issues: : "Content-MD5 and partial responses"

Closed issues: : "Factor out Content-Disposition"

Closed issues: : "Header Classification" : "untangle ABNFs for header fields" : "potentially misleading MAY in media-type def"

Closed issues: : "Default charsets for text media types" : "Content-MD5 and partial responses" : "untangle ABNFs for header fields" : "confusing undefined parameter in media range example"

None.

Closed issues: : "Strength of requirements on Accept re: 406"

Closed issues: : "Document HTTP's error-handling philosophy"

Closed issues: : "intended maturity level vs normative references"